Métodos diagnósticos para la detección de infección por Helicobacter pylori. ¿Cuál y cuándo deben solicitarse?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52787/agl.v52i1.176Palabras clave:
Helicobacter pylori, diagnóstico, pruebas diagnósticasResumen
La infección gástrica por Helicobacter pylori tiene una prevalencia variable a nivel mundial. En Latinoamérica, puede superar el 50% de infectados. Se asocia a patologías como la úlcera péptica, el cáncer gástrico, el linfoma MALT y la púrpura trombocitopénica inmune, entre otras. No hay un método diagnóstico óptimo y la presencia puede ser detectada tanto por métodos invasivos, que requieren una endoscopía digestiva alta, como no invasivos. Dentro de los invasivos, contamos con la prueba rápida de ureasa, la histología, las pruebas moleculares, como reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, y el cultivo. Por su parte, los no invasivos incluyen la prueba de aire espirado, el antígeno en deposiciones de Helicobacter pylori, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en deposiciones y la serología. La prueba diagnóstica a utilizar depende del escenario clínico, y deben conocerse los beneficios y debilidades de cada método. Es importante considerar la edad del paciente, sus factores de riesgo de cáncer gástrico, la necesidad de endoscopía por esta u otra causa, la disponibilidad de las pruebas diagnósticas y el costo, entre otros.
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