Trastornos gastrointestinales en niños con trastornos del espectro autista
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52787/agl.v54i3.440Palabras clave:
Trastornos del espectro autista, trastornos gastrointestinales, síntomas gastrointestinales, enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, enfermedad celíacaResumen
Los trastornos del espectro autista comprenden alteraciones centrales del desarrollo neurológico que incluyen déficit en las interacciones sociales y la comunicación, conductas repetitivas y trastornos sensoriales. Existe un aumento de la frecuencia de trastornos gastrointestinales en los niños con trastornos del espectro autista en comparación con la población de niños neurotípicos. Los factores implicados en este aumento de frecuencia son múltiples, encontrando entre ellos factores genéticos, desequilibrio de la microbiota intestinal, disfunción del sistema inmunológico. Los trastornos gastrointestinales observados con mayor frecuencia en estos pacientes son estreñimiento, dolor abdominal, náuseas y vómitos, problemas de selectividad o alergia alimentaria, distensión abdominal, flatulencias, aerofagia, diarrea, incontinencia fecal y enuresis. Los niños con trastornos del espectro autista suelen tener hábitos alimentarios selectivos y limitados. En consecuencia, tienen dietas desequilibradas que carecen de nutrientes esenciales y, a su vez, esto contribuye a la aparición de trastornos gastrointestinales. Además, a menudo presentan alteraciones en el procesamiento sensorial que afectan la percepción de los síntomas o las señales digestivas. Conocer y tratar los trastornos gastrointestinales en los niños con trastornos del espectro autista puede ser un desafío. Requieren una evaluación integral por un equipo multidisciplinario que cuente con pediatras, gastroenterólogos, psicólogos, nutricionistas, terapeutas ocupacionales, acompañantes terapéuticos, neurólogos y docentes. Aliviar los síntomas gastrointestinales de los pacientes con trastornos del espectro autista puede mejorar sus patrones de sueño, apetito y alimentación, aumentar sus niveles de energía y contribuir a una sensación general de bienestar. Esto mejora el comportamiento, la función cognitiva y las habilidades educativas.
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